The Korowai Framework: Assessing GE through the Values the ART Confederation Associates with Ngarara

The aim of this thesis is to assess genetic engineering (GE) through the values that the Confederation of Te Ati Awa, Ngati Raukawa ki te tonga and Ngati Toarangatira (the ART Confederation) associates with ngarara. The Korowai Framework was developed to conduct this assessment. Interviews were conducted with 14 participants from across the ART Confederation on the values they associate with ngarara and their interpretations of GE. The values associated with ngarara that were identified in the interviews, were used constitute the kaupapa of the Korowai Framework. The key values identified are: mauri, whakapapa, tohu, tapu, and kaitiakitanga. It emerged from the interviews that ngarara appeal to us to be conscious of our intricately bound connection to and dependency on living systems. The assessment through the Korowai Framework found that the outcomes of GE do not uphold the values associated with ngarara. Participants articulated significant concerns that GE confounds the ART Confederation's control over their relationship with the world around them. This thesis has demonstrated that the Korowai Framework can be used as a tool for the Confederation to get to the decision making table with a comprehensive evidence based understanding of the people's position on GE from which they can negotiate. It demonstrates that robust and legitimate assessment of GE can be conducted using theories, methodologies, kaupapa, tikanga, and frameworks that are specific to the ART Confederation

Effect of age and salinity treatment on European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i>) larval relative expression of selected genes.

<p>For thyroid hormone receptor αA (<i>thrαA</i>), a significant salinity × age interaction was detected, thus the model was decomposed into a series of reduced ANOVA models to determine the effect of salinity for each age (A). No significant salinity × age interactions were detected for all other genes. As such, over the entire experimental period, the main effects of age and salinity are displayed for genes relating to thyroid hormone receptors (B-E), deiodinases (F-K), and energy metabolism (L-O). Values represent means (± SEM) among three crosses at each age and treatment. Different lower case letters and asterisks represent significant statistical differences (p < 0.05).</p

Mécanique quantique: le minimum théorique

Leonard Susskind nous a enseigné la mécanique classique dans le premier volume de cette série, Le Minimum Théorique. Avec son co-auteur Art Friedman, il nous expose maintenant les bases théoriques et les concepts mathématiques associés au monde étrange de la physique quantique. Dans ce deuxième ouvrage, Susskind et Friedman proposent une introduction claire et vivante à ce domaine notoirement ardu et déroutant pour le néophyte. Ils nous font comprendre le comportement des objets sub-atomiques au travers d'abstractions mathématiques simples. A la différence de la plupart des ouvrages de vulgarisation – souvent mal à l'aise quant à la façon d'aborder les singularités de la mécanique quantique –, le livre embrasse cet univers dans sa totalité, y compris les paradoxes si contraires à notre logique. Susskind et Friedman proposent des explications limpides aux problématiques d'état quantique, d'incertitude, d'intrication quantique ou de représentation de l'état d'une particule. Accessible mais rigoureux, Mécanique quantique s'adresse, comme Le Minimum Théorique, à tous ceux désireux de s'initier à la physique, à leur propre rythme

Combined effect of acclimation temperature and n-3 HUFA dietary content on aerobic metabolism.

<p>(A) Minimal (MO_{2 min}) and (B) maximal oxygen consumption rate (MO_{2 max}) and (C) aerobic scope of fish acclimated at 20°C (dark symbols) and 12°C (light symbols) and fed with enriched (triangle; HH) or depleted (circle symbol; LH) n-3 HUFA regime as a function of the challenge temperature over a range from 9°C to 24°C. Regression lines are described by polynomial models of equation: AxChalTemp² + BxChalTemp + C, where ChalTemp is the challenge temperature tested. Statistical results are reported in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126489#pone.0126489.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Combined effect of acclimation temperature and n-3 HUFA dietary content on growth performances.

<p>Specific growth rate SGR during the four months experimental period (% day^-1; Fig A; LH12: n = 17; HH12: n = 37; LH20: n = 20; HH20: n = 34), and condition factor (Fulton Index FI) at the end of the experiment for fish which performed the thermal challenge (Fig B; n = 11 for each experimental fish group) for each experimental condition: high n-3 HUFA fed fish reared at 12°C (HH12) or 20°C (HH20), and low n-3 HUFA fed fish reared at 12°C (LH12) or 20°C (LH20). Bars with different letters are significantly different: for SGR: two-way ANOVA: effect of temperature: <i>F</i>_{<i>1</i>,<i>103</i>} = 1328.46; <i>P</i> < 0.001; effect of food: <i>F</i>_{<i>1</i>,<i>103</i>} = 1.917; <i>P</i> = 0.17; interaction food*temperature: <i>F</i>_{<i>1</i>,<i>103</i>} = 1.00; <i>P</i> = 0.32. For FI: two-way ANOVA: effect of temperature: <i>F</i>_{<i>1</i>,<i>104</i>} = 4.4; <i>P</i> = 0.037; effect of food: <i>F</i>_{<i>1</i>,<i>3104</i>} = 0.61; <i>P</i> = 0.44; interaction food*temperature: <i>F</i>_{<i>1</i>,<i>104</i>} = 3.8; <i>P</i> = 0.053).</p

Diagram of the experimental protocol used for the thermal challenge.

<p>This diagram presents the evolution of swimming speed with time at one of the challenge temperature tested (<i>i</i>.<i>e</i>. 9°C, 12°C, 16°C, 20°C or 24°C). The different measures recorded for each fish and at each temperature are indicated in italic. MO_2min: minimum oxygen consumption; MO_2max: maximum oxygen consumption; U_max: maximum swimming speed; f_v: ventilation rate after the MO_2max challenge; EPOC: the excess post-oxygen consumption recorded during the recovery period following the swim challenge. The same protocol was repeated until each fish had been exposed to all challenge temperatures; one hour-acclimation to each new experimental challenge temperature was respected.</p

Statistical effects of the environmental parameters tested on <i>Liza aurata</i> physiological performances.

<p>Parameters of linear mixed effect models applied to the maximal oxygen consumption MO_2max, the minimal oxygen consumption MO_2min, the aerobic scope AS, the maximal swimming speed U_max, the net cost of transport NCOT, the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption EPOC and the ventilation rate after swimming effort f_v as a function of the challenge temperature. Only significant interactions between factors tested are reported in this Table. Abbreviations: Acc. temp.: acclimation temperature; AIC: Akaike Interaction Criterion; Chal. temp.: challenge temperature; Gr.: number of fish; Obs.: number of observations.</p><p>Statistical effects of the environmental parameters tested on <i>Liza aurata</i> physiological performances.</p

Effect of salinity on European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i>) larval mortality and biometry.

<p>Mortality (A), body area (B), growth (C), oil drop utilization (D) and growth efficiency (E) from 2 to 12 days post hatch (dph) as well as occurrence of larval deformities such as spinal curvature (F), emaciation (G) and pericardial edema (H) on 12 dph. Values represent means (± SEM) among three crosses at each age and treatment. Different lower case letters represent significant statistical differences (p < 0.05).</p

Additional file 6: of The highly variable microbiota associated to intestinal mucosa correlates with growth and hypoxia resistance of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, submitted to different nutritional histories

Mean relative abundance of phylogenetic clusters among Alpha- and Beta-Proteobacteria with significant differences between experimental groups. (DOCX 19 kb

Combined effect of acclimation temperature and n-3 HUFA dietary content on metabolic performances.

<p>(A) Maximal swimming speed (U_max), (B) net cost of transport at maximum exercise (NCOT), (C) post-challenge ventilation rate (f_v) and (D) excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of fish acclimated at 20°C (dark points) and 12°C (light points) and fed with enriched (triangle symbol; HH) or depleted (circle symbol; LH) n-3 HUFA regime for four months as a function of the challenge temperature along a range from 9°C to 24°C. Regression lines for U_max are described by polynomial models of the equation: AxChalTemp² + BxChalTemp + C, where ChalTemp is the challenge temperature tested. Statistical results are reported in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126489#pone.0126489.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p